Ok, so this thread is old, but I am currently working on a brake upgrade for my s14 suspended s130 and have done a lot of comparing of brake parts from s130, s13, s14, z31, z32, etc. I can tell you that the 82-83 280zx uses the same rear rotor as the 91-98 240sx, and that the 79-81 280zx used a rotor with a much deeper hat. However, the caliper brackets, even though they use the same bolt spacing, have a different height and offset. The 240sx caliper bracket is shorter (about 11mm) and deeper (about 17mm) than the 82-83 z bracket, but probably about the same depth as the 79-81 z bracket. So...
Yes, a 4-lug 240sx rotor will fit a 280zx, but the caliper placement might not be correct without a custom adapter.
You could also get lucky with another nissan caliper bracket. Several will bolt up with different results such as the 84-89 z31 (same brake pad), and 02-06 b15 (different brake pad)
To give you an indication of the ridiculous combinations I have tried, for my s14 suspension project, I am currently running (front) 85 maxima 274mm rotors, 85 z31 brackets, and 93 altima calipers, and (rear) b15 se-r 278mm rear rotors, s14 calipers, s130 brackets, and 17mm spacers. I believe Fastbrakes makes a rear caliper bracket that might work with the 278mm rotors, but they only offer it with their in-house 11" rotors which may or may not be identical to the Nissan 278mm rotors.
http://www.fastbrakes.com/product_p/fastbrakes%20240sx%20rear%2011.htm
Good luck