The AISI-SAE numbering system for steel is being obsoleted and the most widely used steel numbering system is ASTM, which is being promoted heavily by the ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), and is required for any DoD, Government procurement. In the future it will be more difficult to find steel specifically certified for the AISI-SAE numbering system like 4130, 4340, and 5140. These numbers are becoming more of a marketing term then any real certification of the type of steel.
This is all part of a larger efforts by ASTM, SAE, ASME, and other organizations to define a Unified Numbering System (UNS) for all metals. Its a way of correlating metals specifications worldwide.
Unfortunately I haven't been able to find a free chart that shows the matchup between AISI-SAE numbers and their corresponding ASTM numbers. I have found a number of books (from SAE and ASTM) that have this information but they ain't cheap.
BTW... one of the problems with the AISI-SAE numbering system is that it did not cover stainless, aluminum, and nickel which are used more and more in automotive applications.