Mike,
You'll find most of your answers here on the sie, but do use the search function. Your questions are good ones and you spent the time to be detailed so I'll try to send you off in the right direction.
1) Buy the JTR book: http://www.jagsthatrun.com/
2) Your V8 will work fine with a relatively inexpensive T5 from a Camaro. Make sure that it is a T5 that was in a V8 car, not a V6 car!!! The T5 is much cheaper than the T56 and should work well with a "mild" V8. You can still put down some serious HP and make the T5 live, just don't use slicks when you drag race.
3) mortec.com should be able to identify the SBC for you.
We need more detail about the motor--is it a long block, short block only, complete engine, what?
Davy